Comparing Companies and Processes

Using all of my research, I will compare the way two drastically different games are made from two very different development studios. I have chosen Activision's 'Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2' and Team Meat's 'Super Meat Boy'. Both of these games have been called 'genre-defining', so I thought it would be interesting to compare them both. CoD is a first-person shooter that simulates a modern-day war environment. It mainly depicts conflicts between global affairs, usually associated with terrorism and government officials/soldiers carrying out missions to put a stop to terrorist activities that put the globe at risk, which are mainly carried out by Russian terrorists. Super Meat Boy is a 2D platform game which focuses on difficulty, short, but innovative level design, precision controls. The story involves Meat Boy having to save his love, Bandage Girl from the evil clutched of Dr. Fetus. 

Roles of different members in each studio differ vastly, with larger companies having more refined roles (hence many more people involved with each project) and smaller studios having considerably less people with more tasks than one. Activision, for example, employed game development studio Infinity Ward to make Call of Duty, whereas the company themselves took care of the publishing side. Already, there are two companies which would both consist of many people to make this single piece of software. This means that while each person only has one task to focus on, they also don't have as much interaction with their co-workers. This can lead to the job not being anywhere near as enjoyable and, along with deadlines to meet, can make things more stressful and rushed.

On the other hand, with Team Meat, there are a grand total of two people. Here, these two friends will have a much closer relationship when working on the game, meaning a lot more tweaking to be done and more creativity put into the game. Deadlines aren't anywhere near as much of a problem as they are which high-profile games like CoD, since the team decided themselves when is best to release the game. A more laid-back and comfortable setting can really have an impact on the game's overall feel.

The main difference between the studios are their overall motives. Companies like Activision are making their games for profit more than consumer enjoyment. While that is a factor, profit is definitely the main goal. With smaller games, the developers want to leave an impact on the gaming world because their games are fun, not because they sold 50 million units in a week. This can be made evident with the "West and Zampella" case, in which the senior leaders of Infinity Ward were fired due to the inability to conform to Activision's authority. After this, both ex-members sued the publishing giant for millions, only to be hit with a counter-action lawsuit claiming they had breached their contracts and were holding up production of the next CoD game. Also, it was claimed that West and Zampella were the reasons that the Infinity Ward team did not receive any bonuses. “And those unpaid Infinity Ward bonuses? Apparently West and Zampella wouldn’t let Activision pay them. According to Team Kotick, it really wanted to get the money to its “many valued employees”, but West and Zampella withheld the details of the recipients, attempting to claim Infinity Wards’ bonus pool for themselves. Activision claims this wasn’t merely an act of greed, but a calculated attempt to dissuade Infinity Ward employees from remaining loyal to Activision by creating bad blood between developer and publisher.”

Nothing like this happens with Team Meat or other smaller studios (in most cases). Since there are only two people, friends for that matter, there is no conflict with companies about money or work. Creativity and fun is the main priority here, and whether or not the game does well commercially is a huge bonus.

In conclusion, I know that I still prefer the smaller companies over money-hungry powerhouses like Activision and Bobby Kotick. Super Meat Boy is an amazingly crafted game, with every little detail being filled with a genuine passion that CoD could never produce. The state of bigger companies nowadays is enough to put me off ever working for one, as it seems to drain out the one thing that drew me into the industry in the first place: Fun.

Reference:

Reference:

Houghton, David (December, 2010) Activision: Ex-Infinity Ward men wouldn't let us pay staff, tried to crush poor old Treyarch, eat kittens on toast

Available from:
<http://www.gamesradar.com/xbox360/call-of-duty-black-ops/news/activision-ex-infinity-ward-men-wouldnt-let-us-pay-staff-tried-to-crush-poor-old-treyarch-eat-kittens-on-toast/a-20101222112124328034/g-20100430155437473001>
[Accessed 28th January 2011]

A History of Team Meat

Team Meat, to a lot of people, are a relatively unknown developer. To most hardcore gamers, however, they are famous for creating the notoriously difficult "Super Meat Boy". 

Edmund McMillen, a graphic artist who had previously worked on Indie games and creating his own signature art style that is present in almost all of the games he has worked on. It's usually filled with humour, whether slapstick or downright rude, it's always there 99% of the time. The most popular games he's worked on are Braid, a time-bending puzzle platformer and Gish, a 2D platform game with unique movement mechanics. Both games have won many awards, most notably Indie Game(s) of the Year. Gish was created by McMillen, along with Alex Austin and Josiah Pisciotta, then known as development team Cryptic Sea. After the critical success of Gish, a sequel was announced but ultimately cancelled in late 2009 after McMillen left Cryptic Sea to develop (Super) Meat Boy.

Following this, McMillen formed Team Meat with programmer Tommy Refenes to create the Meat Boy Flash game, and soon after start work on Super Meat Boy for WiiWare, XBLA and PC. They developed Super Meat Boy on their own with the intent of never utilizing a third-party publisher. Team Meat managed to create and finance every aspect of the game by themselves, hence no need for any help from larger companies.

A History of Activision

Being the creative powerhouse that Activision is today, it's not hard to see how much of an impact they've left on the gaming industry. They have produced great innovations and changed the way games are made, marketed and sold. Like all companies, however, they didn't get the way they are now in a night. This is the story of Activision.

When Atari launched their VCS console in 1977, it delivered a whole new way to play games at home. Along with rival consoles like the Intellivision, it's inexpensive cartridges could bring massively diverse games, with something for everyone on the market. Game designers could create whatever they liked on this new found hardware, tweaking every detail to how they saw fit. The only problem was, these game designers were not given a sales percentage from selling their game. Instead they were given a lump sum of around $30, 000 no matter how well their work had sold. Since at this time video games were still seen as toys, unlike today where they are as popular as film or television, most of the game designers were electronics engineers who had previously designed toys and gadgets. This meant that they were paid the exact same salary as their previous jobs, despite games making a considerably higher profit. David Crane, one of the top 4 game developers at Atari at the time, had found out that him and the other three power players, Bob Whitehead, Larry Kaplan and Alan Miller were responsible for around 60% of the company's game sales and wanted to be paid as such. "We looked at each other and said 'We know we're pretty good at this and our games sell well, but Atari sold $100 million units worth of cartridges last year. So we four guys making about $30,000 a year made Atari $60 million? There's something wrong here!'", Crane recalls. They then decided to pay the then-President of Atari a visit, in hope of claiming even a slice of Atari's metaphorical money cake. "He looked us in the eye and said 'You guys are no more important to this product than the people on the assembly line who put the cartridges together.'" These are the famous final words that lead the now-famous "Gang of Four" to leave Atari and move on. The four refugee developers knew they could form a small company for making software, but also had bigger visions of developing VCS games of their own to go head-to-head with Atari's offerings. After meeting with Jim Levy, an experienced businessman and having suggested they make cartridges for Atari's system. Levy's investors loved the idea and the now-"Gang of Five" created Activision.

David Crane

Even after created their own unofficial tools and techniques to create their games, Atari filed several lawsuits against Activision. This didn't slow them down, however, it just pushed them further to prove they had what it took to compete with Atari's big-name arcade games. They might have had no brands to their name, but these developers knew the hardware better than even Atari themselves. They created original content using the stronger points of the console, instead of trying to badly replicate things it couldn't handle. Activision started putting their brand name and logo on their boxes and in their games to create more loyalty with their consumers, as well as to form a strong identity.

One of Activision's most famous games, Pitfall

Over the years, many more companies tried the same route as Activision, but none could top their work. When Nintendo had released the NES, the Atari was basically dead. Activision had well over 300 employees by now, but with the video gaming industry changing rapidly, Levy thought it was also time for a restructure. He went on to 'hire' employees from Activision in the new version of the company, where most would get revised roles, and the people who didn't fit into the new structure were laid off. Unfortunately the transition was much harder than they'd first thought.

"Activision was never the same after that," says Garry Kitchen, the man who proved people wrong when games such as 'Donkey Kong' could not be done justice on Atari's primitive hardware. "People weren't just questioning what we were doing wrong, they were questioning what we were doing right." After many circumstances that were beyond anyone's control, Crane says, "It completely ruined the creative environment at the company."The new CEO, Bruce Davis, rebranded the company "Mediagenic", despite the incredible market value of the Activision brand. Afraid for their jobs, Crane and the rest of Activision's East Coast team left the company and formed "Absolute Entertainment". By the time the console market had swung back into full force, Activision no longer had the employees or resources to create Atari games. Atari themselves were also in the same situation, where there was nobody left at the company who knew how to make Atari games. Absolute soon jumped on the bandwagon and started to make games for the Atari 2600, which made the other two companies want in on the action. Activision and Atari then contracted with Absolute, the very same people they'd have leave their companies in the past. "At one point there were three companies doing 2600 games, Atari, Activision and Absolute, and we were developing all of them," Kitchen explains. Activision carried on publishing computer games over the next few years, even jumping on the NES train with some quality titles like Mechwarrior. Despite this, however, they continued to bleed money and were relegated to primarily production and publishing of games. By 1990, Mediagenic were an empty shell on the brink of bankruptcy.

With an added lost court case, Mediagenic would soon be forced to sell on or shut down. An aspiring software businessman, Bobby Kotick, had been looking for several companies to develop. After seeing the state of Mediagenic, he saw an opportunity to revive one of gaming's most beloved brands. He was sold 25% of the company's shares and appointed himself the new CEO of Activision. Crane mentioned "I had breakfast with [Kotick] shortly thereafter and he said 'I may have spent [$440, 000], but I think I'm $20 million in debt now.'" Slowly building the company back up was a painful process for Kotick, with Activision's output dropping to practically nothing during 1991 and 1992. By 1995, they were in possession of a world-class development team. They had once again become a brand that stood for quality, being a notable name on both PC and consoles. 

By the end of the '90s, Activision had formed many strong partnerships with independent studios that took them to a much higher level. They went on to develop a reputation for high profile annual releases such as Tony Hawk's Pro Skater, Guitar Hero and Call of Duty. Bobby Kotick, however has since become known  to be outspoken with his business philosophies which has landed him a very controversial relationship in the gaming press and media. "Kotick was primarily interested in Blizzard, and not Vivendi itself, and treated the developer with the utmost respect, tolerating its development culture and notoriously vague (and languid) release schedule out of respect for their success. The rest of Vivendi was not so lucky. The production and publishing staff was gutted, and games like Brutal Legend, WET, and Ghostbusters that didn't fit in with Activision's annual franchise business plan were summarily dropped, while long-declining series like Spyro the Dragon and Crash Bandicoot were kept because of their yearly release schedule."

The press' view on Bobby Kotick, likened to Satan. (Destructoid)

Activision has yet to show any signs of struggle, with consumers and investors generally unphased by the fine print in the companies management and the fact that they continue to sell copious amounts of units for almost every game they publish. "The business is so different now, with literally hundreds of people working on each game, it's hard to say who's really responsible," says David Crane. They may have dropped several franchises such as Guitar Hero and Tony Hawk due to declining sales, but that is barely a dent in an otherwise thriving company. It might be all about the money with Activision and Kotick nowadays, but it sure seems to be working for them.

Reference:

Fahs, Travis (1st October, 2010) The History of Activision. Available from:
<http://uk.pc.ign.com/articles/112/1124885p1.html>
[Accessed 11th January 2011]

Media Industries: Roles and Practices

In this unit, I aim to outline and fully comprehend the multiple ways games are produced today and the differences between producing a AAA+ title and an independent one. I will look into production pipelines and compare the roles and tasks required to create both types of video game.

Examination of Games

An actual definition for the term 'Game' has been, by some, deemed impossible to clarify. My personal definition would be 'an activity in which people (players) take on roles to act out certain situations defined by set rules." 

The first instance of computer games were built on a machine back during the Cold War in 1958. This game was called 'Tennis for Two' and used an oscilloscope to simulate a game of tennis or ping pong. Created by William Higinbotham, an American physicist, the machine was designed to stop the guests who visited his laboratory where he worked from becoming bored. Higinbotham had used an old Brookhavens computer's ability to calculate ballistic missile trajectories as the starting point for the game. After 2 hours of designing and 3 weeks of building, with the help of Robert V. Dvorak, they had created a game that could even go as far as creating a 'drag' effect when the ball hit the net. The game was controlled by an aluminium controller with a button to hit the ball with, and a knob to alter the angle of the shot. There has been controversy over whether this is the first video game or not, due to the fact that the game is displayed on an oscilloscope rather than a traditional (by today's standards) CRT monitor or television set.

Higinbotham's Tennis for Two

After a few years, games such as Pong and Asteroids would go on to be the first mainstream games, which would then evolve into Arcade classics like Pac-Man. When Magnavox and Atari were releasing consoles during the 1970's, Pong was the game that got the public aware and interested in this new-found media. Up until the early-80's, Atari were the kings of the home console industry with games such as Space Invaders behind their belts. They survived every video game stock crash that forced smaller companies out of business, and carried on making consoles for years to come. It wasn't until Nintendo jumped onto the scene that video games would truly be changed forever.

The 2600 would lead Atari to the top for
years.

In 1983, when Nintendo released the Famicom (Family Computer) in Japan, it gained instant popularity with it's high-quality graphics and longer games. When it was released under the name Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) in America by 1985, the popularity continued and Super Mario Bros. went on to be classed as one of the greatest video games of all-time. SEGA released the Master System to try and compete with the NES, but to no avail. Consoles would be released year after year up until the present day, with companies still battling it out for their share of the market. Nintendo, even after all these years, are still on the high-end of the market with the Nintendo Wii and it's innovative motion-sensing gameplay and trademark titles. Not to say there isn't any competition, however, as Microsoft and Sony are hot on their tail with the Xbox and Playstation.

Super Mario Bros.: Nintendo's greatest success.

'Fun play' with video games is now slightly more difficult to define. As time goes on, people want more new and fresh ideas. It's reasons like this that Nintendo are selling the Wii so well. It's a unique and family-friendly type of gameplay which appeals to all ages and cultures of people around the world. Microsoft and Playstation are also breaking from their traditional styles of gameplay with the release of Kinect, the controller-less gaming device and Sony's Move, a Wii-Remote with a light on the end.

The Nintendo Wii is a ground-breaking piece of hardware.

Games have also transferred into mainstream life as a major form of media. Some people are still uneasy about video games, especially when it comes to violence and more realistic situations. Some people are so concerned, in fact, that their governments are trying to create regulations on video games. The main argument here is showing graphic content to minors, but ratings boards and parental locking suggest that it's not easy at all for minors to see anything they shouldn't be unless parents are careless.

Reference:


Anderson, John (1996-) Tennis for Two: The Story of an early Computer Game. Available from:
<http://www.pong-story.com/1958.htm>
[Accessed 19th October 2010]

My Personal History of Gaming

In the Beginning...

At the age of around 3-4, I picked up Nintendo's Game boy for the first time ever and I was absolutely astounded by it. Even though it had no bright colours or flashy graphics, at the time it was revolutionary to me. The first game I ever played was Kirby's Dream Land (see below). It was a simple game, but that by no means meant I still couldn't enjoy it for years to come. Other Game Boy games included Super Mario Land, Tetris and Donkey Kong Land.

Kirby's Dream Land for Game Boy (1992)

Seeing the Bigger Picture

When I made the transition to console gaming, my tastes mostly remained the same. For a while I had just a SNES (Super Nintendo Entertainment System), which played home to some of the greatest games ever made including Super Mario World, Super Metroid, Donkey Kong Country and Super Mario Kart. A few years down the line, I'd get my first taste of mature gaming on this console with the bloody Mortal Kombat series (see below). As great as all of the Nintendo mascots were, my focus would soon be driven to a faster atmosphere...

Midway's Mortal Kombat 3 (1995)

True Blue

When SEGA released the Mega Drive (Genesis in the USA), I was captivated by the one and only, Sonic the Hedgehog (see below). It has since become my favourite series of all-time. With it's bright graphics, excellently catchy music and addictive speed-orientated gameplay, it was just perfect. The sequels somehow managed to get even better, with bigger levels and more involving stories. Other games on the Mega Drive seemed to cater to a slightly older audience, with games such as Earthworm Jim and Zero Wing being highlights in the shooting genre.

The start of SEGA's rise to glory: Sonic the Hedgehog (1991)

The Jump to 3D

After the days of the Mega-Drive, my family owned both the Nintendo 64 and SEGA Saturn. On my first play, I was instantly drawn in by the captivating 3D worlds and, like many others at the time, my gaming experiences would never be the same again. Since there weren't a great array of games available for the Saturn, most of my time was spent on the N64 playing the likes of Super Mario 64, Goldeneye, Paper Mario and Kirby 64. Then we got a Playstation.

My colour of choice for the N64: Clear Blue

Crashing the Party
With the launch of the Playstation, families around the world were amazed by the (slightly) crisper 3D graphics and library of amazing games such as Crash Bandicoot. With Mario 64, they gave Mario a voice to add a little more personality. With Crash, he had the movement, the facial expressions, and a voice to give him a perfect personality. The gameplay and environments were unique, the characters were amazing, this game had everything a kid my age could want.

Crash Bandicoot by Naughty Dog (1996)

Old-SchoolOver the years I shifted between each console, including the PS2, until the Nintendo Gamecube came along.  Here I went back and stayed with my childhood heroes like Mario and Sonic for a long while, right through to the Nintendo Wii's release. Since then, I've slightly drifted away from the Mario franchise but  my die-hard love for the Sonic the Hedgehog franchise grew even more as time went by. Although most of the Sonic games released weren't up too scratch, it didn't put me off at all. I impatiently awaited each game's release, from the Gamecube to the Game Boy Advance and DS and the Wii. 

Sonic and the Secret Rings was a personal
favourite of mine.

Caving In
Eventually, when the Wii's catalogue of games started to run a little dry, I turned to the Xbox 360. Since, by the time I decided to buy one, the console had been in it's like for 3-4 years already it had a huge library of great games. Here, I got lured into games like Crackdown, Bioshock and Gears of War. Some of my usual taste in games had carried over from the PS2, such as Burnout and Grand Theft Auto. Luckily, Sonic games were also released for the 360 too, so I got my fix in that respect. I also remember playing over Xbox Live for the first time ever, and I remember it being an amazing experience. I'd never done anything like it, and now I use it like a second nature. It's funny what can change over only a few years, and what can stay the exact same.

Chris Goodswen

Recently, we had a very interesting lecture from ex-NUCA student, Chris Goodswen. He explained to us how, since he was stuck in a "dead-end office job" and had a love for drawing, he decided to quit and start studying again in hopes of getting into the industry. When he started, he was afraid of trying new things like 3D work, but when his 2D work was exceptionally great, he threw himself into it. He is now a 3D Character Artist studying at the University of Abertay.

Chris Goodswen: 3D Character Artist

I was glad that Chris elaborated on things that I wasn't so sure about involving the industry itself, such as how important things like anatomy and time are, and how 90% of most work is research and the other 10% is work. The one thing he did say that slightly worried me, however, was the speech about finding a job in the industry. I've always known it's a difficult place to get into, but with things like contacts and a perfect portfolio needed, it's a little overwhelming at this stage of my course. I'm glad he said it though, it's just going to push me to work a lot harder! Overall, a very informative and entertaining lecture with some excellent work on show.